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الكاتب : نبيل لحسن، جعفر محمد، جعفر عمر 

Abstract
        Genealogical science is a noble science, like "adlia" documentation. Its purpose is to protect individual and family rights and the purity of genealogical races. It is a science which recognizes the whole humanity, developed, above all, by the Islamic civilization, which gave it its dimensions and its depth through its various specialties: the sciences of biographers, of narrators of "hadith", and of historiographers of poets. It has experienced a decline parallel to that of Islamic "khilafa". This allowed the intrusion of the Orientalists who aimed to attack this glorious Islamic civilization. The technological advent, having allowed exceptional assets for the development of such a science, globalization and social popularization deflected it from its initial objectives and exposed it to the intrusion of non-specialists and to the Westernist ideology.

          Islamic countries, specifically, must protect this science, which targets the human race as a whole, and above all represents an asset that distinguishes Islamic civilization from others, and protects its spiritual identity and its spiritual identity and especially its "Sharifite" genealogy. The technical circumstances are very favorable to its valuation, but it requires a multidisciplinary research and thorough investigations on the existing documentation or to seek, of implication of all the methods with neutral and motivated experts to revise the available genealogies and complete them.

        This synthetic article corresponds to the first part of a work dealing with the genealogy and heritage of the northern Middle Atlas; the second part will be published shortly.

Keywords :
Genealogy, Islam, Evolution, History, "Sharifite" Genealogy, "Shariaa", Legislation, Heritage.

دينامية الأوساط الغابوية وشبه الغابوية، في ظل التحولات السوسيومجالية الحديثة بعالية الريف الأوسط : مقاربة كرطوغرافية لكتلة جبل الأرز.

الكاتب : المازي محمد، احماموشي المصطفى، صابر الرياحي، الهواري عبد الغني 

Abstract
        This work aims to study the dynamics of forest ecosystems in the Jbel Lerz region. Specifically, we intend to map this dynamic in relation to the socio-spatial mutations linked to the extension of cannabis cultivation. The diachronic method was adopted to map and assess the spatio-temporal evolution of vegetation between 1962 and 2017 based on the exploitation of large-scale aerial cover and field work.
      The results obtained show that the dynamics of forest and pre-forest ecosystems from the Jbel Lerz region is linked to three factors: anthropogenic pressure, topo-climatic conditions and vegetation structure. The forest has undergone a strong regression of 25% of its 1962 area. This is due to the anthropozoogenic action, particularly the clearing for the cultivation of cannabis (Kif), which constitutes the primary factor of this degradation. The areas having a regression of anthropogenic pressure experienced an increase in their densities due to massive regeneration. In the high sides, the dynamics of the cedar grove is linked to the violence of the wind.

Keywords :
Forest environments, Evolution, Diachronic analysis, Socio-spatial mutations, Jbel Lerz, Central Rif, Morocco.

Auteur : Abdelkarim KHABBACH

Résumé:

        Cet article aborde quelques monuments anthropologiques de la région de Malal. Cette zone, faisant partie ethnographiquement de la tribu Gzennaya (Igzennayn), dépend du Rif marocain. Administrativement, elle relève de la Commune rurale de Gzennaya Al-Janoubia, Cercle d'Aknoul, Province de Taza, Région de Fès-Meknès. Ce sont des monuments végétaux, religieux ou même économiques. Certains ont attiré notre attention dès notre plus jeune âge comme Tasaft Ou-charchour et Qermoud64. Deux monuments de nature apparemment différente, mais qui découlent de croyances, mythiques antiques ou religieuses des malalis. A ces deux monuments s'ajoutent d'autres qui ont occupé une grande place dans la vie des indigènes, du point de vue économique, culturel et social : les souks hebdomadaires.

Mots clés : Maroc, Taza, Gzennaya, mythologie, anthropologie, monuments, Arbre du monde, Tasaft Ouchachour, Qermoud.

المظاهر الدينية، الاقتصادية والبيئية للمآثر الأنثربولوجية لقبيلة اجزناية، الشمال الشرقي للمغرب، حالة ملال

الملخص :
      نثير في هذا المقال بعض المعالم الأنثروبولوجية في منطقة ملال. وهي منطقة تنتمي إثنوغرافيا إلى قبيلة اجزناية (إجزناين) إحدى قبائل الريف المغربي. وتتبع إداريًا للجماعة القروية  اجزناية الجنوبية، دائرة أكنول، إقليم تازة، جهة فاس-مكناس. إنها آثار نباتية أو دينية أو حتى اقتصادية. جذب البعض منها انتباهنا منذ حداثة سننا مثل شجرة تاسافت أو - شارشور ومسجد القرمود. هاتان المعلمتان ذوات طبيعة مختلفة على ما يبدو، ولكن كلاهما يجد له أساسا في المعتقدات، سواء منها الأسطورية الأمازيغية القديمة أم الدينية للسكان المحليين. وتنضاف إلى هذين الأثرين معالم أخرى احتلت مكانة كبيرة في حياة السكان الأصليين، من الناحية الاقتصادية والثقافية والاجتماعية، ألا وهي الأسواق الأسبوعية.

الكلمات المفاتيح :
المغرب، تازة، اجزناية، الميثولوجيا، الأنثربولوجيا، المعلمات، شجرة العالم، تاسافت أو - شارشور، القرمود.

Religious, economic and environmental aspects of anthropological monuments of the Gzennaya tribe (North-eastern Morocco), the case of Malal

Abstract :
          This article discusses some anthropological monuments of the Malal region. This area, ethnographically part of the Gzennaya (Igzennayn) tribe, depends onthe Moroccan Rif. Administratively, it belongs to the Rural Commune of Gzennaya Al-Janoubia, Circle of Aknoul, Province of Taza, Region of Fez-Meknes. They are botanical, religious or even economic monuments. Some caught my attention from an early age like Tasaft “Ou-charchour” and “Qermoud”, in local speaking Tamazight (Tarifit). Two monuments of apparently different nature but derive from ancient mythical- or religious beliefs of indigenous malalis. Other monuments have also occupied an important place in the life of the natives from an economic, cultural and social point of view: the weekly souks.

Key-words :
Morocco, Taza, Gzennaya, mythology, anthropology, monuments, World tree, Tasaft Ou-charchour, Qermoud.

Auteur : Abdelkarim KHABBACH

Résumé:

      Dans cet article, nous abordons la problématique de la présence de l’ethnonyme Xebbac (Khebbach) dans des régions très spécifiques et lointaines du Maroc, dans la tribu Aït Khebbach de la région sud-est marocaine, et dans plusieurs endroits du Rif marocain, dont la tribu Aït Sãid (Province de Driouech), deux zones de la tribu Igzennayn (Gzennaya, Province de Taza) à Tizi-Wesliet dans la zone Malalen particulier, et peut-être aussi à l'extérieur du Maroc (Algérie). Nous essayons de déterminer l’histoire du nom de famille Khabbach d'un point de vue ethnographique et généalogique, en considérant différents détenteurs de ce nom ethnique dans le temps et l'espace. Partant d'une étude approfondie de la généalogie de la famille, appartenant à une zone spécifique dite "Malal", nous avons relevé des traces d’une continuité généalogique reliant notre famille Ikhebbachn aux porteurs de l’ethnonyme "Khebbach" là où ils se trouvent au Maroc ou à l'étranger.

Mots clés : Ethnonyme Khebbach, Tribu Aït Khebbach, Ikhebbachn, Rif, Igzennayn.

إخبّاشن اجزناية : دراسة إثنولوجية وجينيالوجية

الملخص :
      في هذه المقالة نتناول إشكالية وجود الإثنونيم خبّاش (Khebbach) في مناطق مختلفة ومتباعدة من المغرب؛ في قبيلة أيت خبّاش في الجنوب الشرقي المغربي، وفي عدة مواضع من الريف المغربي في قبيلة أيت سعيد وفي منطقتين من قبيلة اجزناين (اجزناية) تيزي وسلي ومنطقة ملال بالتحديد، وربما خارج المغرب في الجارة الجزائر أيضا. ونحاول تحديد تاريخ الاسم العائلي خبّاش ( Khebbach) من وجهة نظر إثنوغرافية وجنيالوجية ؛ من خلال تتبع وجود هذا الاسم العرقي لدى مختلف الحاملين له في الزمان والمكان. منطلقين في ذلك من دراسة مكثفة لشجرة أنساب عائلة إخبّاشن التي تنتمي إلى منطقة ملال. محاولين تتبع استمرار خيوط العلاقات الجينيالوجية المحتملة التي يمكن أن تربط عائلتنا إخبّاشن (Ikhebbachn) بالحاملين لهذا الإثنونيم"خ بّاش" أينما وجدوا في المغرب أو خارجه.

الكلمات المفاتيح :
الإسم العرقي خباش، قبيلة أيت خباش، إيخباشن، الريف، إجزناين

Ikhebbachn of Gzennaya : Ethnographic and genealogic study

Abstract :
          In this article, we approach the topic of the presence of the ethnonym Khebbach in very specific and faraway regions of Morocco, in the Aït Khebbach tribe-the south-eastern region of Morocco, in several places of the Moroccan Rif, including the Aït Sãid tribe (Province of Driouech), two areas of the Igzennayn tribe (Gzennaya, Province of Taza) in Tizi Ousli and Malal areas in particular, and perhaps also outside the Morocco, in Algéria. We are trying to determine the history of the “Khabbach” surname from an ethnographic and genealogical point of view, by considering various holders of this ethnic name it in time and space. Based on a thorough study of the family’s genealogy, from a specific area known as “Malal”, we identified traces of a genealogical continuity linking our “Ixebbcn” (Ikhebbachn) family to the holders of the ethnonym "Khebbach" in Morocco or abroad.

Key-words :
“Khebbach” Ethnonym, “Aït Khebbach” Tribe, Ikhebbachn, Rif, Igzennayn.

Auteur : NABIL Lahcen, enseignant chercheur à la FLSH, Martil, Université Abdelmalek Saadi

Résumé:

       Nous traitons de la politique marocaine de l’environnement, en spécifiant la ressource en eau, très liée aux usages diversifiés, et qui véhicule les principales pollutions. L’assainissement liquide y a été particulièrement traité. Nous débattons de cette dégradation de ressources, à travers le tapis végétal et forestier, de l’environnement marin, à travers la pêche, etc. Nombreuses pollutions sont encore de nos jours ignorées ou secondaires (pollution de l’air, sonore, voire "morale").
      Nous avions poursuivi son évolution durant le siècle dernier, à travers les institutions, les législations, les programmes et réalisations, passant de l’échelle international à celle locale. Pour cerner sa réalité, il fallait transcender le compartimentage et la sectorisation de la gestion gouvernementale, dans la période avant la prolifération du web.
      Ce paramètre, très crucial, avait retenu notre attention, parmi la diversité des facteurs de la politique nationale en matière d’aménagement du territoire, parce qu’il menace toutes les ressources naturelles, et donc l’avenir de l’humanité sur terre. Nous avions essayé de cerner la portée limitée des politiques commandées de l’extérieur, de mettre le doigt sur leurs "dérisions" et lacunes, afin d’en chercher les remèdes. Cet essai, participera à illuminer ces phases de décollage avec leurs principales contraintes, à dépasser pour l’avenir.

Mots clés : Politique marocaine, Environnement, Ressources en eau, Assainissement, Evolution, Institutions, Législations, Coopération.

National policy on environment and water management, case Tangier-Tetouan

Abstract :
       We deal with Moroccan environmental policy, by specifying the water resource, closely linked to diverse uses, and which carries the main pollution. Liquid sanitation has been particularly processed there. We are discussing this degradation of resources, through the vegetation and forest cover, the marine environment, through fishing… Many forms of pollution are still ignored or secondary today (air, noise, and indeed even "moral" pollutions).
       We have targeted the past century, through institutions, legislation, programs and achievements, from the international level to the local one. To understand its reality, it was necessary to transcend the compartmentalization and sectorization of government management during the period before the web proliferation.
       This parameter, very crucial, had caught our attention, among the diversity of factors of national policy on land use planning, because it threatens all natural resources, and therefore the future of humanity on earth. We had tried to identify the limited scope of the policies ordered from the outside, to pinpoint their “derision” and shortcomings, in order to seek remedies. This trial will contribute to the take-off of this policy with its main constraints, to be overcome in the future.

Key-words :
Moroccan policy, Environment, Water resources, Sanitation, Evolution, Institutions, Legislation, Cooperation.